Frequently Asked Questions

Any waste that can cause harm to human health or environment, whether alone or in contact with other wastes or substances. India's first regulation on handling and management of hazardous wastes was enacted in 1989 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in which roles of hazardous waste generators and various agencies were laid down. These rules have been amended in 2003, 2008 and 2016.

Pre-processing is the concept of preparing a wide variety of waste materials into a homogeneous product of defined size and chemical composition The final pre-processed materials can be co-processed in any resource intensive industry as alternative fuels and raw materials. Therefore it is called AFR

Increasing fuel costs, uncertainty in fuel availability and goal to reduce CO2 emissions has led few cement plants in India to use different types of waste alternative fuelsNon homogenous wastes require pre-processing using different technologies to generate uniform quality AFR to ensure no impact on cement manufacturing proces

**Based on kiln chemical and physical acceptance limit only materials will be preprocessed and coprocessed

The use of waste materials in RII’s (Resources Intensives Industrial processes) such as cement, lime, steel, glasses, power generation etc, instead of fossil fuels & natural resources

Advantages of Cement Kiln:

• ⏵ No ash, all materials retained in clinker
• ⏵ Self cleaning process (CaO)
• ⏵ High temperatures (gas temp > 1800 deg C)
• ⏵ Alkaline environment, oxidizing atmosphere
• ⏵ Long residence time (gas ~10sec, solids ~ 30min)
• ⏵ High thermal inertia

• ⏵ Radioactive waste
• ⏵ SAsbestos-containing waste
• ⏵ Explosives and ammunition / weapons
• ⏵ Anatomical medical waste
• ⏵ Electronic fraction of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste)
• ⏵ Whole batteries as a targeted material stream
• ⏵ Waste of unknown or unpredictable composition, including unsorted municipal waste